Abstract : This literature review explores the current state, performance, challenges, and future directions of battery technologies used in electric vehicles (EVs). Batteries are a cornerstone of EV functionality, directly influencing their range, efficiency, and commercial viability. The review compares commonly used battery types—such as lithium-ion, nickel- metal hydride, and lead-acid—based on key performance metrics including energy density, cycle life, power output, and charging time. Recent advancements in battery materials and designs, including the use of nanotechnology, solid-state electrolytes, and alternative chemistries like aluminum-ion and lithium-sulfur, are also discussed. Furthermore, the environmental impacts of battery production, use, and disposal are evaluated. Key challenges, including cost, limited range, and charging infrastructure, are identified alongside research opportunities aimed at improving energy storage systems. The paper concludes with recommendations for continued innovation in battery technology to support the growing demand for sustainable and high-performance electric vehicles.