Abstract : This literature review explores the current state, performance, challenges, and future directions of battery technologies used in electric vehicles (EVs). Batteries are a cornerstone of EV functionality, directly influencing their range, efficiency, and commercial viability. The review compares commonly used battery types—such as lithium-ion, nickel- metal hydride, and lead-acid—based on key performance metrics including energy density, cycle life, power output, and charging time. Recent advancements in battery materials and designs, including the use of nanotechnology, solid-state electrolytes, and alternative chemistries like aluminum-ion and lithium-sulfur, are also discussed. Furthermore, the environmental impacts of battery production, use, and disposal are evaluated. Key challenges, including cost, limited range, and charging infrastructure, are identified alongside research opportunities aimed at improving energy storage systems. The paper concludes with recommendations for continued innovation in battery technology to support the growing demand for sustainable and high-performance electric vehicles..
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Abstract : This literature review explores the use of seashells as an alternative material for reinforcing concrete, focusing on their mechanical performance, environmental impact, and structural potential. Seashells, primarily composed of calcium carbonate, have been studied as partial replacements for fine and coarse aggregates or cement. Research shows that seashell-reinforced concrete can improve tensile and flexural strength, enhance durability, and contribute to sustainability—particularly when used in low-strength and non-structural applications. However, challenges such as reduced workability, early compressive strength loss, and variability in performance based on seashell type and treatment remain critical concerns. The review highlights the importance of factors including microstructure, pre-treatment methods, and optimal replacement ratios. It also identifies gaps in current research and suggests that collaborative, interdisciplinary studies are needed to optimize the application of seashells in modern construction. Overall, the integration of seashells into concrete mixes represents a promising avenue for sustainable development and environmental stewardship in the construction industry..
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Abstract : Blockchain is a Peer to Peer decentralized and distributed ledger system that records transactions across multiple computers or nodes in a secure, transparent, and immutable manner. Blockchain is quickly getting evolved from application like crypto currencies to health care systems. In Blockchain technology, each user has their own blockchain. Transactions are recorded in blocks which are main component of blockchain. Typically, the size of block is not more than 1MB. New blocks are created when an existing block is full. Blocks are connected with hash value. Each block will have the header information which consists of hash value of previous block and hash value of the current block. When a transaction executes, the blocks of all blockchains in the peer-to-peer network updates and new block hash value is generated. So, it's nearly impossible to tamper transaction details because this yields to update hash values of almost all blocks of whole blockchain in entire peer to peer network. Each time transaction is added to a block, a Merkley tree which is also called as Hash tree is constructed to generate Block hash. It is very important to generate block hash value in fast and secured manner. In this paper, Both SHA1 and SHA256 algorithms are used to construct advanced Hash tree. We took the advantages of both secure hash algorithms mentioned above and We used multi-threading to generate hash tree data structure to quickly produce block’s final 256-bit hash value. The experimental results showed that this work can quickly produce block’s hash value when compared to conventional approach without compromising the security metrics Avalanche effect and Collision resistance..
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Abstract : The revolutionary influence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) developments on asphalt quality assurance in the context of road re-blocking initiatives. It is clear from a careful review of current academic publications that artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are changing the asphalt quality evaluation field. The study investigates various approaches, such as dynamic quality monitoring systems, intelligent sensing aggregates, and advanced imaging methods for examining aggregate forms in asphalt mixes. Prominent advancements include the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G technology, and satellite systems highlighting the possibility of greatly improving pavement performance assessment. The construction sector has the potential to improve road infrastructure with increased precision, efficiency, and sustainability by utilizing AI-driven methods..
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Abstract : Breast cancer continues to be among the major causes of cancer mortality among women worldwide, with more than 2 million cases and around 680,000 deaths recorded in 2020, as per the World Health Organization (WHO). Early diagnosis is very important, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where diagnostic facilities are scarce. In this paper, a non-invasive breast cancer classification system based on thermal infrared imaging and deep learning is suggested. The DMR-IR dataset, which includes ground-truth thermal images, was utilized to train an ensemble model combining VGG16 and EfficientNet using transfer learning. Image enhancement methods and Grad-CAM visualizations were employed to enhance interpretability. The ensemble model had a classification accuracy of 99.8% and an AUC value of 1.00. These outcomes demonstrate high potential for precise early detection. The research shows how interpretable AI can aid radiologists during diagnosis with a decrease in reliance on intrusive procedures, particularly in healthcare settings with limited resources..
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